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In vitro: Varenicline is a partial agonist with 45% of nicotine's maximal efficacy atalpha4beta2 nAChRs in HEK cells expressing nAChRs. Varenicline is a potent, partial agonist at alpha4beta2 receptors, with an EC50 of 2.3 mM and an efficacy (relative to acetylcholine) of 13.4%. Varenicline has lower potency and higher efficacy at alpha3beta4 receptors, with an EC50 of 55 mM and an efficacy of 75%.
In vivo: Varenicline has significantly lower (40-60%) efficacy than nicotine in stimulating [(3)H]-dopamine release from rat brain slices in vitro and in increasing dopamine release from rat nucleus accumbens in vivo, while it is more potent than Nicotine. Varenicline effectively attenuates the nicotine-induced dopamine release to the level of the effect of Varenicline alone, consistent with partial agonism. Varenicline reduces nicotine self-administration in rats and supports lower self-administration break points than nicotine. Varenicline dose-dependently reduces nicotine self-administration and attenuates both nicotine prime and combined nicotine prime plus nicotine-paired cue-induced reinstatement. Varenicline, a partial agonist at thealpha4beta2 nAChRs, reduces nicotine intake and was recently approved as a smoking cessation aid. Varenicline selectively reduces ethanol but not sucrose seeking using an operant self-administration drinking paradigm and also decreases voluntary ethanol but not water consumption in animals chronically exposed to ethanol for 2 months before Varenicline treatment.
| Molecular Weight | 361.35 |
| Formula | C13H13N3·C4H6O6 |
| CAS Number | 375815-87-5 |
| Solubility (25°C) | 72 mg/mL in water |
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years ; 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months ; -20°C 1 month |
| Related AChR/AChE Products |
|---|
| AT 1001
AT 1001 is a high-affinity and selective antagonist of the α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α3β4 nAChR) with Ki of 2.64 nM. |
| Dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide
Dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide is a potent, orally active, and competitive antagonist of neuronal nAChRs. Dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide shows selectivity for α4β4 and α4β2 nAChRs, with IC50s of 0.19 and 0.37 μM, respectively. |
| Spinosad
Spinosad, a mixture of spinosyns A and D known as fermentation products of a soil actinomycete (Saccharopolyspora spinosa), is a biological neurotoxic insecticide with a broader action spectrum. Spinosad targets the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) of the insect nervous system. |
| TAE-1
TAE-1 is a potent inhibitor of AChE and BuChE. |
| PE154
PE154 is a potent fluorescent inhibitor of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50s=280 pM and 16 nM, respectively). |
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