Savolitinib (Volitinib)

Biological Activity

In vitro: Volitinib has exquisite kinase selectivity and excellent potency. Volitinib displays a highly selective profile across a gastric cell line panel, potently inhibiting cell growth only in those lines with dysregulated cMET (EC50 values 0.6 nM/L-12.5 nM/L). Volitinib has high membrane permeability without efflux transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer and exhibits negligible P-gp inhibition (IC50 > 17 μM). Volitinib shows no significant reversible or mechanism-based CYP inhibition in human liver microsomes, and no induction of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes.

In vivo: In a mouse pharmacokinetic study (male ICR mice), the clearance of the compound is 4.28 L/(h·kg) and the half-time is 1.7 h. Despite its moderate oral bioavailability (F = 27.2%), the overall plasma exposure is much higher. Volitinib demonstrates dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition in a U87MG subcutaneous xenograft model. Its treatment leads to pharmacodynamic modulation of c-MET signaling and potent tumor stasis in 3/3 cMET-dysregulated GC PDX models, but has negligible activity in a GC control model. Volitinib has moderate plasma protein binding rate (60%∼70% in rat, dog, and human; 40% in mouse; 80% in monkey) and exhibits wide distribution to different organs in rat, with high exposures in liver and kidney, very low in brain, spinal cord and testis comparing to the plasma level. In PK studies in mouse, rat and dog, Volitinib shows the rapid oral absorption (Tmax<2.5 h) with high exposures and the acceptable bioavailability at 27.2%, 42.6% and 86.3%, respectively. The in vivo clearance (CL) was 11.0, 11.8 and 3.5 mL/min/kg in mouse, rat and dog, respectively, revealing a low extraction ratio. The volume of distribution in steady state (Vss) is 0.4, 1.4 and 1.4 L/kg in those species, respectively, indicating a moderate to low distribution pattern. Volitinib also displays linear pharmacokinetics (PK) in the dose ranges of 1 to 25 mg/kg in rat and 2 to 10 mg/kg in dog. Food hardly affected its PK profile in dog. In contrast, volitinib in monkey shows a notably high extraction ratio (CL=17.2 mL/min/kg) consistent with the in vitro metabolism result. Considering the rapid absorption of volitinib (Tmax=1.9 h) and moderately low distribution (Vss=0.7 L/kg), the poor oral bioavailability (1.9%) of volitinib in monkey is considered to be the result of excessive first-pass extraction. Overall, volitinib exhibits favorable preclinical PK/ADME properties.

Protocol (for reference only)

Cell Experiment
Cell lines	NCI-H441 cells
Preparation method	NCI-H441 cells are plated at a density of 15,000 cells/well in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS in 96-well plates. After incubation overnight, cells are then treated with serially diluted test compounds at 37 ℃ for 1 h. Then the medium is removed, and cells are lysed in 100 μL/well lysis buffer (1% NP-40, 20 mM Tris/pH 8.0, 137 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM activated sodium orthovanadate, 10 mg/mL Aprotinin, 10 mg/mL Leupeptin). The plates containing cell lysate are kept at -80℃ overnight. The next day, the plates are thawed on ice, mixed gently. 25 μL/well of lysates are added into the assay plates pre-coated with anti-p-Met antibody to detect p-c-Met signal. p-c-Met level is determined at 450 nm and 570 nm.
Concentrations
Incubation time	1 h

Animal Experiment
Animal models	Female athymic mice
Formulation	0.5% CMC-Na (oral); 0.25% DMSO, 10% Solutol, 10% Ethanol and 79.75% Saline (i.v.)
Dosages	1.0, 2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg (oral); 2.5 mg/kg (i.v.)
Administration	oral administration/i.v.

Chemical Information

Molecular Weight	345.36
Formula	C17H15N9
CAS Number	1313725-88-0
Solubility (25°C)	DMSO 16 mg/mL
Storage	Powder          -20°C   3 years ;  4°C   2 years In solvent       -80°C   6 months ;  -20°C   1 month

Conversion of different model animals based on BSA (PMID: 27057123)

Species	Mouse	Rat	Rabbit	Guinea pig	Hamster	Dog
Weight (kg)	0.02	0.15	1.8	0.4	0.08	10
Body Surface Area (m2)	0.007	0.025	0.15	0.05	0.02	0.5
Km factor	3	6	12	8	5	20

Animal A (mg/kg) = Animal B (mg/kg) multiplied by	Animal B Km
	Animal A Km

For example, to modify the dose of Compound A used for a mouse (20 mg/kg) to a dose based on the BSA for a rat, multiply 20 mg/kg by the K_m factor for a mouse and then divide by the K_m factor for a rat. This calculation results in a rat equivalent dose for Compound A of 10 mg/kg.

References

[1] Henry RE, et al. Oncotarget. Acquired savolitinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer arises via multiple mechanisms that converge on MET-independent mTOR and MYC activation.

[2] Schuller AG, et al. Clin Cancer Res. The MET Inhibitor AZD6094 (Savolitinib, HMPL-504) Induces Regression in Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Patient-Derived Xenograft Models.