Insulin(cattle)

Biological Activity

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

*This compound is unstable in the solution state, so it is recommended to use it now and use it as soon as possible.

Insulin has low solubility at neutral pH. It can be solubilized at 2 mg/ml in dilute acetic or hydrochloric acid, pH 2-3.

A stock solution can be stored frozen at -20°C in single-use aliquots. Freeze-thaw cycles should be avoided. Alternatively, it can be stored for up to 12 months at 2-8°C if it is sterile filtered through a low protein binding membrane or if it contains a suitable bacteriostat, such as 0.1% thimerosal or sodium azide.

Insulin solutions cannot be autoclaved.

Insulin can also be solubilized in 125 mM NaHCO3.6 However, alkaline stock solutions are not recommended since high pH increases the rate of deamidation and aggregation.

一般性推荐:
1. Do not prepare concentrated insulin solutions, as solubility is difficult and multimers can form.
2. Adjust to acidic pH to facilitate solubilization and minimize the effects of neutral pH-binding proteases. For added protection, consider adding an acid protease inhibitor.
3. Sterile-filter the solution using a 0.2 micron low protein-binding filter. Avoid aeration and/or foaming during solubilization and filtration, as this can cause protein denaturation.
4. Store solutions at 2-8 °C for up to 8 hours.
5. Do not heat above 30 °C and do not freeze.
6. The recommended insulin working concentration is 1-10 μg/mL.
As an alternative, Insulin solutions can be prepared with phosphate buffered solution (PBS). Resolubilize the aforementioned products in PBS at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Allow to gently rock for at least 1-2 hours at room temperature. Do not vortex. Solution is ready when clear. Prior to evaluation, follow steps 3–6 for final processing.

Product Citations

• 

  J Agric Food Chem. 2023 Sep 13;71(36):13346-13362.

  Insoluble Dietary Fiber from Okara Combined with Intermittent Fasting Treatment Synergistically Confers Antiobesity Effects by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites
  Insulin(cattle) purchased from AbMole

• 

  J Diabetes. 2023 Aug 18.

  Decreased in n-3 DHA enriched triacylglycerol in small extracellular vesicles of diabetic patients with cardiac dysfunction
  Insulin(cattle) purchased from AbMole

• 

  Food Chem Toxicol. 2023 Mar;173:113642.

  The effect and a mechanistic evaluation of polystyrene nanoplastics on a mouse model of type 2 diabetes
  Insulin(cattle) purchased from AbMole

• 

  Neural Regen Res. 2023 Feb;18(2):396-403.

  Knockdown of polypyrimidine tract binding protein facilitates motor function recovery after spinal cord injury
  Insulin(cattle) purchased from AbMole

• 

  Neural Regen Res. 2023 Feb;18(2):396-403.

  Knockdown of polypyrimidine tract binding protein facilitates motor function recovery after spinal cord injury
  Insulin(cattle) purchased from AbMole

Chemical Information

Molecular Weight	5733.49
Formula	C254H377N65O75S6
CAS Number	11070-73-8
Solubility (25°C)	Water 10 mg/mL (adjust pH to 2~3 with HCl)
Storage	-20°C, dry, protect from light, sealed

Conversion of different model animals based on BSA (PMID: 27057123)

Species	Mouse	Rat	Rabbit	Guinea pig	Hamster	Dog
Weight (kg)	0.02	0.15	1.8	0.4	0.08	10
Body Surface Area (m2)	0.007	0.025	0.15	0.05	0.02	0.5
Km factor	3	6	12	8	5	20

Animal A (mg/kg) = Animal B (mg/kg) multiplied by	Animal B Km
	Animal A Km

For example, to modify the dose of Compound A used for a mouse (20 mg/kg) to a dose based on the BSA for a rat, multiply 20 mg/kg by the K_m factor for a mouse and then divide by the K_m factor for a rat. This calculation results in a rat equivalent dose for Compound A of 10 mg/kg.

References

[1] Yousefi R, et al. J Biomol Struct Dyn. Aspirin-mediated acetylation induces structural alteration and aggregation of bovine pancreatic insulin.