Dapagliflozin

Biological Activity

Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148) is a novel selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a novel class of glucuretic, antihyperglycemic drugs that target the process of renal glucose reabsorption and induce glucuresis independently of insulin secretion or action. Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148) inhibits subtype 2 of the sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT2), which is responsible for at least 90% of the glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Blocking this transporter causes blood glucose to be eliminated through the urine. In initial clinical trials, Dapagliflozin 10 mg reduced HbA1c by -0.54% (weighted mean differences (WMD), 95% CI -0.67 to -0.40) compared to placebo. Phase II and III clinical trials have demonstrated that dapagliflozin is a safe and effective method for treating type 2 diabetes. Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148) produces a sustained, dose-dependent reduction in plasma glucose levels while simultaneously improving insulin secretion and sensitivity. Therapy with dapagliflozin also results in a mild osmotic-diuretic effect that may account for decreases in total body weight (~2-3 kg) and blood pressure (systolic 2-5 mm Hg, diastolic 1.5-3 mm Hg), and increases in hematocrit (1-2%).

Protocol

Cell Experiment
Cell lines	CHO cells
Preparation method	SGLT Binding Assays. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing human SGLT2 (hSGLT2) and human SGLT1 (hSGLT1) (Genbank accession numbers M95549 and M24847, respectively) were utilized for the development of transport assays using the selective SGLT substrate -methyl-D-glucopyranoside (AMG). Inhibitors were assayed for the ability to inhibit [14C]AMG uptake in a protein-free buffer over a 2 h incubation period. The response curve was fitted to an empirical four-parameter model to determine the inhibitor concentration at half maximal response, reported as EC50. Protein-free buffer was used to simulate the low-protein conditions of the glomerular filtrate, which bathes the SGLT targets on the lumenal surface of the proximal tubule in the kidney.
Concentrations
Incubation time	2 h

Animal Experiment
Animal models	Normal Sprague Dawley rats
Formulation	5% mpyrol, 20% PEG 400, and 20 mM sodium diphosphate
Dosages	single dose of 0.01-10 mg/kg
Administration	orally

Conversion of different model animals based on BSA (Value based on data from FDA Draft Guidelines)

Species	Mouse	Rat	Rabbit	Guinea pig	Hamster	Dog
Weight (kg)	0.02	0.15	1.8	0.4	0.08	10
Body Surface Area (m2)	0.007	0.025	0.15	0.05	0.02	0.5
Km factor	3	6	12	8	5	20

Animal A (mg/kg) = Animal B (mg/kg) multiplied by	Animal B Km
	Animal A Km

For example, to modify the dose of resveratrol used for a mouse (22.4 mg/kg) to a dose based on the BSA for a rat, multiply 22.4 mg/kg by the K_m factor for a mouse and then divide by the K_m factor for a rat. This calculation results in a rat equivalent dose for resveratrol of 11.2 mg/kg.

Chemical Information

References

Systematic review of SGLT2 receptor inhibitors in dual or triple therapy in type 2 diabetes.
Clar C, et al. BMJ Open. 2012 Oct 18;2(5). PMID: 23087012.

Targeting the kidney and glucose excretion with dapagliflozin: preclinical and clinical evidence for SGLT2 inhibition as a new option for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Whaley JM, et al. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2012;5:135-48. PMID: 22923998.

Dapagliflozin: a novel sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Shah NK, et al. Pharmacotherapy. 2012 Jan;32(1):80-94. PMID: 22392830.

Discovery of dapagliflozin: a potent, selective renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Meng W, et al. J Med Chem. 2008 Mar 13;51(5):1145-9. PMID: 18260618.